Capture-Aware Substitution in K

One of the traditional ways in which functional languages are given operational semantics is via substitution. In particular, you can view a function as declaring a particular bound variable, the parameter of the function, as well as the body of the function, within which both bound and free variables can occur, and implement the process of beta-reduction (one of the axioms of the lambda calculus) by means of a substitution operator which is aware of the difference between free variables and bound variables and prevents variable capture.

In K this is implemented using two mechanisms: The KVar sort, and the binder attribute.

The KVar Sort

K introduces a new hooked sort, KVar, which the substitution operator (defined below) understands in a particular way. The syntax of KVar is the same as for sort Id in DOMAINS, but with a different sort name. Similarly, some of the same operators are defined over KVar which are defined for Id, such as conversion from String to KVar and support for the !Var:KVar syntax.

A KVar is simply an identifier with special meaning during substitution. KVars must begin with a letter or underscore, and can be followed by zero or more letters, numbers, or underscores.

k
module KVAR-SYNTAX-PROGRAM-PARSING
  imports BUILTIN-ID-TOKENS

  syntax KVar ::= r"(?<![A-Za-z0-9\\_])[A-Za-z\\_][A-Za-z0-9\\_]*"     [prec(1), token]
                | #LowerId                                             [token]
                | #UpperId                                             [token]
endmodule

module KVAR-SYNTAX
  syntax KVar [token, hook(KVAR.KVar)]
endmodule

module KVAR-COMMON
  imports KVAR-SYNTAX
  imports private STRING

  syntax KVar ::= String2KVar (String) [function, total, hook(STRING.string2token)]
  syntax KVar ::= freshKVar(Int)    [freshGenerator, function, total, private]

  rule freshKVar(I:Int) => String2KVar("_" +String Int2String(I))
endmodule

module KVAR
  imports KVAR-COMMON
endmodule

The binder Attribute

A production can be given the attribute binder. Such a production must have at least two nonterminals. The first nonterminal from left to right must be of sort KVar, and contains the bound variable. The last nonterminal from left to right contains the term that is bound. For example, I could describe lambdas in the lambda calculus with the production syntax Val ::= "lambda" KVar "." Exp [binder].

Substitution

K provides a hooked implementation of substitution, currently only implemented on the Java and LLVM backends. Two variants exist: the first substitutes a single KVar for a single KItem. The second takes a Map with KVar keys and KItem values, and substitutes each element in the map atomically.

Internally, this is implemented in the LLVM backend by a combination of de Bruijn indices for bound variables and names for free variables. Free variables are also sometimes given a unique numeric identifier in order to prevent capture, and the rewriter will automatically assign unique names to such identifiers when rewriting finishes. The names assigned will always begin with the original name of the variable and be followed by a unique integer suffix. However, the names assigned after rewriting finishes might be different from the names that would be assigned if rewriting were to halt prematurely, for example due to krun --depth.

k
module SUBSTITUTION
  imports private MAP
  imports KVAR

  syntax {Sort} Sort ::= Sort "[" KItem "/" KItem "]"  [function, hook(SUBSTITUTION.substOne), impure]
  syntax {Sort} Sort ::= Sort "[" Map "]"      [function, hook(SUBSTITUTION.substMany), impure]
endmodule